[HM] Medieval shapes of earth

Gordon Fisher (gfisher@shentel.net)
Wed, 11 Aug 1999 15:42:25

A short time ago, there was a discussion on the historia-mathematica list
concerning earlier beliefs about the flatness vs the sphericity of our
earth. I happen to have come across a rather interesting item in this
connection. There is a work whose translation into English by Charles
Christopher Mierow (1928, reprinted 1966; edited by Austin P Evans and
Charles Knapp) is called *The Two Cities by Otto, Bishop of Freising*. The
subtitle is: "A Chronicle of Universal History to the Year 1146 A.D."
According to the introduction, Otto was probably born between 1111 and
1115, and died in 1158. In the introduction, we read: "Bishop Otto of
Freising stands high among the great and distinguished figures of the
remarkable twelfth century as one to whom the consensus of expert opinion,
both ancient and modern, accords abundant praise as a careful and critical
historian."

In the first paragraph of the first book of this work, we read, in the
translation (p 123): "Writers assert that there are three parts of the
world; Asia, Africa and Europe." There is a footnote after the word
"world" which reads as follows: "Manuscript B2, omitting this clause, adds
a passage of about 25 lines on the sphericity of the earth and its five
zones. See Hofmeister's edition, 37."

The bibliography of the translation reveals that the translator lists seven
editions of this chronicle. The seventh and apparently the latest is the
one by Adolf Hofmeister, which appears in *Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in
usum scholarum* (1912). There is no indication here of why there were two
different versions of this paragraph, nor any indication of the original
datings of the two versions, nor if Bishop Otto himself, or some later
editor, made the change. Perhaps Hofmeister discusses this in his edition
of the chronicle.

I conclude, at least provisionally, that there was disagreement in the 12th
century A.D. about the flatness or sphericity of the earth, at least among
some scholars. This says nothing, though, about what proportion of people
in general who lived in the 12th century believed the earth is flat, and
what proportion thought it is spherical. If Bishop Otto himself wrote the
two different versions, it may say a little about beliefs of a Christian
(which Bishop Otto was) in this connection. What it says would depending
on the order in which he wrote the two versions. If the two versions were
written by two different persons, then what it says about medieval beliefs
about the shape of the earth would depend on the dating, and again on the
order in which they were written.

I suppose it's safe to say, though, that the proportion of people in the
European Middle Ages who believed the earth is flat was greater than the
proportion of people in Europe, or its offshoots, or in the world as a
whole, who believe that today.

Gordon Fisher gfisher@shentel.net