Note the existence of the following charts depicting the
structure of the central government prior to and upon the
Yuan-feng period restructuring of the central bureaucracy.
|
"Chart I: The Sung Central Government until about 1080."
"Chart II: The Sung Central Government after about 1080."
E. A. Kracke, Jr.
Distributed by the Sung Project.
|
For an overview of the structure of Sung government, see:
(W) Ref JQ1512.Z13 T574 1985
LoC: JQ1512.Z13 T574 1985 |
A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China.
Charles O. Hucker.
Stanford: Stanford
University Press, 1985. Pp. 40-52.
|
Note also the discussion of the structure of civil government in:
(W) JQ1512.K7
LoC: JQ1512 .K7 |
Civil Service in Early Sung China, 960-1067
E. A. Kracke, Jr.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953, pp. 28-53,
|
and in Miyazaki Ichisada's 宮崎市定 57-page introduction to
J2404/5351(11)
2665 7171.2 |
Sōshi
shokkanshi sakuin
宋史職官志索引
(Index to the Treatise on the bureaucracy in the Sung
history).
Saeki Tomi 佐伯富 comp.
Kyoto: Kyōto daigaku bungakubu Tōyōshi kenkyūkai, 1963.
McMullen #66.
|
The following article discusses the complex method of
assigning rank and office. It includes a chart, in Chinese,
giving the rank titles for civil and military officials before
and after the system was revised; it also indicates normal career
routes through the ranks.
(W) DS12.A45
LoC: DS12 .A45 |
"Civil and Military Titles in Sung: The Chi-lu-kuan System."
Umehara Kaoru.
Acta Asiatica50 (1986): 1-30.
|
Note also the introduction to:
WID-LC JQ1512.Z1 K7 1978
LoC: JQ1512.Z1 K7 1978 |
Translation of Sung Civil Service Titles.
E. A.
Kracke, Jr.
Paris: École Practique des Hautes Études, 1957.
Second rev. ed.
San Francisco: Chinese Materials Center, 1978. 48 p.
|
and the translation of the protocol list of 1038 in the
aforementioned Kracke, Civil Service in Early Sung China,
960-1067, pp. 229-235.
The political chronologies for Northern and Southern Sung
cited above record appointments to high central and provincial
offices. Here lists of incumbents in particular offices are
noted.
For incumbents in military intendancies (the Northern Sung
ching-lueh an-fu shih經略安撫使 and Southern Sung chih-chih
shih 置制使 or chih-fu shih) chronologically by place,
see:
JS7354.A4
LoC: JS7354 .A4 1984 China |
Pei-Sung ching-fu nien-piao
北宋經撫年表
(Chronological tables of Northern Sung military
intendants).
Nan-Sung chih-fu nien-piao
南宋制撫年表
(Chronological tables of Southern Sung military
intendants).
Wu T'ing-hsieh 吳廷變
Punctuated and emended by Chang Ch'en-shih 張忱石
Peking: Chung-hua shu-chü, 1984. 594 p.
|
This work is commonly available in the Erh-shih-wu shih
pu-pien 二十五史補編 (Shanghai: K'ai-ming shu-tien, 1937, and later
reprints). Only the edition listed above includes a name
index.
For the Five Dynasties period, see:
J2640/1786
LoC: DS749.62 .K87 1988 Japan |
Godai Sōsho hanchin nenpyō
五代宋初藩鎮年表
(Chronology of military commands in the Five Dynasties and
early Sung).
Kurihara Masuo 栗原益男
Tokyo: Tōkyōtō shuppan. 1988. 713 p.
|
For membership on the Council of State for the entire
Sung dynasty, including documents of appointment and some
biographical and anecdotal information, see the punctuated,
critical edition of Hsu Tzu-ming's 徐自明 Sung tsai-fu pien-nien
lu宋宰輔編年錄 and Lü Pang-yao's 呂邦耀 Hsu Sung tsai-fu pien-nien
lu 續宋宰輔編年錄 It includes a name index.
4695.5/2926.1
LoC: DS751.H743 W36 1986 China |
Sung tsai-fu pien-nien lu chiao-pu
宋宰輔編年錄校補
(Chronology of Sung chief and assisting councilors,
revised).
Wang Jui-lai 王瑞來
Peking: Chung-hua shu-chü, 1986. 72, 4, 1, 2, 1848, 28 p.
|
The membership for the years 1041 through 1125 is also given
in chart form in:
J4616/1131.2
|
Ō Anseki
jiten
王安石事典
(Encyclopedia of Wang An-shih).
Higashi Ichio 東一夫.
Tokyo: Kokusho kankōkai, 1980, pp. 211-220.
|
The Sung History also includes a table of appointments
to the Council of State.
For brief overviews of the Sung official
system, see the studies by E. A. Kracke, Jr., and Miyazaki
Ichisada and the introduction to Charles O. Hucker's
Dictionary below. Comprehensive indexes that include
official titles will be found in Section VI.
The system of official titles in Sung was made up of several
different schedules of titles for denoting rank; these were in
turn distinct from the names of the particular functions to which
officials were assigned. This is further complicated by the Sung
use of T'ang-period functional titles as rank titles and by
several Northern Sung reforms of the schedules of titles. The
best introduction to this complicated system is:
(W) DS12.A45
LoC: DS12 .A45 |
"Civil and Military Titles in Sung: The Chi-lu-kuan System."
Umehara Kaoru.
Acta Asiatica 50 (1986): 1-30.
|
This article includes a chart, in Chinese, giving the rank
titles for civil and military officials before and after the
system was revised; it also traces normal career routes through
the ranks. The index to Umehara's book, a collection of studies
on the Sung official system, includes the offices and titles
discussed in the book.
J2404/5351(37)
LoC: JQ1512.Z1 U44 1985 Japan |
Sōdai kanryōseido kenkyū
宋代官僚制度研究
(Studies of the Sung bureaucracy).
Umehara Kaoru 梅原郁
Kyoto: Dōhōsha, 1985. 622 and 21 p.
|
For English translations of official titles with brief
explanations of changes in function through the ages, see:
(W) Ref JQ1512.Z13 T574 1985
LoC: JQ1512.Z13 T574 1985 |
A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China.
Charles O. Hucker.
Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1985. 676 p.
|
Hucker's translations of titles are becoming standard. They
supersede Kracke's translations as given in:
(Widener)JQ1512.Z1 K7 1978
LoC: JQ1512.Z1 K7 1978 |
Translation of Sung Civil Service Titles.
E. A. Kracke, Jr.
Paris: École
Pratique des Hautes Études, 1957.
Rev. ed., San Francisco: Chinese Materials Center, 1978. 35
[21] p.
|
The most comprehensive index to Sung official titles, listing
4410 with translations into French, references to sources
(primarily the "Treatise on the Bureaucracy" of the Sung
shih), and some indication of where an office was located
within the bureaucracy, is:
(W) JQ1512.Z1 C454
LoC: JQ1512.Z1 C454 |
Les fonctionnaires des Song: Index des titres
Chang Fu‑jui comp.
Paris: École Pratique des Hautes Études, 1962. 579 p.
McMullen #65.
|
Saeki Tomi's indexes to various treatises of the Sung
History, noted in Section VI above, also index official
titles. In particular note the index to the "Treatise on
Bureaucracy":
J2404/5351(11)
2665/7171.2 |
Sōshi shokkanshi sakuin
宋史職官志索引
[Sung-shih chih-kuan-chih so-yin]
(Index to the Treatise on bureaucracy in the Sung
History).
Saeki Tomi 佐伯富comp.
Kyoto: Tōyōshi kenkyūkai, 1963. 63, 25, and 423 p.
McMullen #66.
|
There are several indexes to the section on fiscal policy in
the Sung hui yao. The following indexes bureaucratic and
institutional titles and terms. Arranged by Japanese
pronunciation; there is a stroke-count index.
J 4353 3810 (3)
|
Sō kaiyō shūkō: shokka sakuin: shokkan hen
宋會要輯稿：食貨索引：職官編
[Sung hui-yao chi-kao: shih-huo so-yin: chih-kuan pien]
(Index to bureaucratic terms in the fiscal policy section of
the Sung hui-yao)
Tokyo: Tōyō bunko, 1995. 5, 328 p.
|
A convenient source for descriptions of major offices is the
Sung volume of the Chung-kuo li-shih ta-tz'u-tien,
previously noted, which also explains some of the informal terms
used to refer to major offices. The surviving fragments of Wang
I-chih's 王益之late-twelfthcentury work on the Sung bureaucracy and
its historical origins, the [Li-tai] Chih-yuan
ts'o-yao,has also been indexed:
J4681/2230
|
Shokugen satsuyō sakuin
職源撮要索引
[Chih-yuan ts'o-yao so-yin]
(Index to the General history of government systems
[through the ages]).
Saeki Tomi 佐伯富comp.
Kyoto: Tōyōshi kenkyūkai, 1956. 30 p.
McMullen #92.
|
Finally, note the forthcoming dictionary of Sung official
titles and terminology:
|
Sung-tai kuan-ming shu-yütz'u-tien
宋代官名術語辭典
(Dictionary of Sung-period official titles and
terminology).
Kung Yen-ming 龔延明
Peking: Chung-hua shu-chü, forthcoming.
|
For abbreviated and alternative names for offices,
see:
2665/4347(1)
|
"Sung-tai chih-kuan chien-ch'eng pieh-ming hui-shih-hsuan"
宋代職官簡稱、別名匯釋選
(Abbreviated and alternative names for selected offices in the
Sung dynasty).
Kung Yen-ming 龔延明
Sung-shih yen-chiu chi-k'an 宋史研究集刊 （浙江古籍） 1 (1986):
107-161.
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